Friday, September 20, 2024

12, 4Major function of nervous system


 

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ECG Normal Rhythm


 

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Tuesday, July 2, 2024

Lecture 11: Regulation of breathing

 

Lecture 11: Regulation of breathing

Friday, June 21

  • After we wrap up regulation, we will work on Midterm 2 corrections
  • Pre-Class SlidesDownload Pre-Class Slides
  • Ajay's Case StudyDownload Ajay's Case Study
  • Post-class slidesDownload Post-class slides
  • RecordingLinks to an external site.

  • Lab Review Activity 2 Overview

    In-Class Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Review

    In place of a traditional practical, we will be do a review of what we’ve learned about the Cardiovascular system (and some respiratory) in lab. There will be 3 components to the day. Here is a brief overview:

    1. Pre-Lab Week 5 (15 points)
      1. Review the assigned case study & submit case study questions on Canvas (15 points)

    1. In Lab Activity (40 points): Group Activity*
      1. Draw/label out the gross anatomy of the cardiovascular
      2. Draw/label out the gross anatomy respiratory systems
        1. Draw out red blood cell, indicate what protein binds oxygen or carbon dioxide
        2. Based on blood typing test, determine blood type of patient & which blood can be donated
        3. Trace the journey of an Oxygen molecule and Carbon dioxide molecule through the body
      3. Map out the case study on your anatomical diagram
        1. Describe primary & secondary defects caused by patient’s condition. How do these impact factors such as SV, HR, CO, MAP?
        2. Identify the ECG of our case study patient, identify when you would hear a murmur caused by the defect in our case study patient
        3. Identify the likely spirometry results of our case study patient
      4. Describe the path to the heart a physician would use in order to fix our patient’s heart (use your flow chart maps)
      5. Share your health care disparity with your groupmates

    2. Reflection (10 points)
      1. Answer a series of questions, reflecting on what you’ve learned so far (see example attached)

    *While I do not recommend it, those who strongly prefer not to work in a group on the review activity #2, may elect to do so individually in lab.

     

    Critical Thinking Goals:

    • Review a case study
    • Integrate anatomy and physiology you have learned into your understanding of a disease
    • Distill the most relevant information into a single visual product

     

     Part 1) Pre-Lab Week 11: Case Study & Questions

    In preparation for our lab review, you will read over the assigned case study details carefully and answer a few quick questions based on what you’ve read.

    Part 2) In Lab Activity

    In lab I will bring large sheets of paper and unlabeled cardiovascular and pulmonary system cutouts. Bring your pre-labs and lab reports as a reference. You should bring your artery and vein flow charts. You should plan on dividing into pairs and working on different components to finish efficiently. Once you are done, you will check each other’s work. Please work diligently and be prepared for our activity to take the full 3 hours of lab—it is very important to arrive on time.

     

    With your group you will draw out/label the following components:

    1. Draw out the gross anatomy of the heart
      1. All 4 chambers
      2. All 4 valves
        1. Differentiate major structural difference between the two
      3. Major arteries/veins
        1. Right and Left Coronary arteries
        2. Right Marginal artery
        3. Left Circumflex artery
        4. Posterior Descending coronary artery
        5. Left anterior descending coronary artery
        6. Coronary sinus
        7. Great cardiac vein
        8. Middle cardiac vein
        9. Small cardiac vein
        10. Aorta
        11. Inferior and Superior Vena Cava
      4. Interpret blood type test results & describe potential donor blood types
      5. Bring and be able to use your artery and vein flow charts from Week 9
      6. Be able to ID ECG & likely period of heart murmur associated with our case study patient
      7. Be able to draw a red blood cell and indicate what protein is critical for gas binding

    2. Draw/label the gross anatomy of the respiratory system
      1. Upper respiratory features
      2. Lower respiratory features
      3. Be able to indicate the functional regions: conducting and respiratory zones
      4. Bronchi to alveoli
        1. Cellular features associated (especially at alveoli)
      5. ID spirometry results associated with our case study

    3. Indicate on your big diagram, what is going wrong with our case study patient.
      1. Be able to trace the flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
      2. Add details as indicated in lab to illustrate how our heart defect causes pulmonary/respiratory problems
        1. What happens to factors such as SV, CO, and MAP?
        2. What happens to ventilation?

      3. Answer questions & indicate on your big diagram how Grandpa’s heart is fixed

    Part 3) Reflection

    You will spend the last 30 minutes of the lab answering the following:

    Post Activity:

    Be prepared for a few MC questions to check your understanding over your lab review.

    Self-reflection

    1. What is one thing you hope to remember about the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary systems in 5 years?
    2. After learning about how the heart and lungs work, how if at all, has this impacted how you view your health or daily habits?
    3. How, if at all, will you tie in what you’ve learned to your career or day-to-day life?
    4. Describe 1 lab activity that was meaningful for you & explain why. It could have helped your learning, you found it interesting, etc. (you define what meaningful means to you)

     

 

Lab Review Activity 2 Overview

In-Class Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Review

In place of a traditional practical, we will be do a review of what we’ve learned about the Cardiovascular system (and some respiratory) in lab. There will be 3 components to the day. Here is a brief overview:

  1. Pre-Lab Week 5 (15 points)
    1. Review the assigned case study & submit case study questions on Canvas (15 points)

  1. In Lab Activity (40 points): Group Activity*
    1. Draw/label out the gross anatomy of the cardiovascular
    2. Draw/label out the gross anatomy respiratory systems
      1. Draw out red blood cell, indicate what protein binds oxygen or carbon dioxide
      2. Based on blood typing test, determine blood type of patient & which blood can be donated
      3. Trace the journey of an Oxygen molecule and Carbon dioxide molecule through the body
    3. Map out the case study on your anatomical diagram
      1. Describe primary & secondary defects caused by patient’s condition. How do these impact factors such as SV, HR, CO, MAP?
      2. Identify the ECG of our case study patient, identify when you would hear a murmur caused by the defect in our case study patient
      3. Identify the likely spirometry results of our case study patient
    4. Describe the path to the heart a physician would use in order to fix our patient’s heart (use your flow chart maps)
    5. Share your health care disparity with your groupmates

  2. Reflection (10 points)
    1. Answer a series of questions, reflecting on what you’ve learned so far (see example attached)

*While I do not recommend it, those who strongly prefer not to work in a group on the review activity #2, may elect to do so individually in lab.

 

Critical Thinking Goals:

  • Review a case study
  • Integrate anatomy and physiology you have learned into your understanding of a disease
  • Distill the most relevant information into a single visual product

 

 Part 1) Pre-Lab Week 11: Case Study & Questions

In preparation for our lab review, you will read over the assigned case study details carefully and answer a few quick questions based on what you’ve read.

Part 2) In Lab Activity

In lab I will bring large sheets of paper and unlabeled cardiovascular and pulmonary system cutouts. Bring your pre-labs and lab reports as a reference. You should bring your artery and vein flow charts. You should plan on dividing into pairs and working on different components to finish efficiently. Once you are done, you will check each other’s work. Please work diligently and be prepared for our activity to take the full 3 hours of lab—it is very important to arrive on time.

 

With your group you will draw out/label the following components:

  1. Draw out the gross anatomy of the heart
    1. All 4 chambers
    2. All 4 valves
      1. Differentiate major structural difference between the two
    3. Major arteries/veins
      1. Right and Left Coronary arteries
      2. Right Marginal artery
      3. Left Circumflex artery
      4. Posterior Descending coronary artery
      5. Left anterior descending coronary artery
      6. Coronary sinus
      7. Great cardiac vein
      8. Middle cardiac vein
      9. Small cardiac vein
      10. Aorta
      11. Inferior and Superior Vena Cava
    4. Interpret blood type test results & describe potential donor blood types
    5. Bring and be able to use your artery and vein flow charts from Week 9
    6. Be able to ID ECG & likely period of heart murmur associated with our case study patient
    7. Be able to draw a red blood cell and indicate what protein is critical for gas binding

  2. Draw/label the gross anatomy of the respiratory system
    1. Upper respiratory features
    2. Lower respiratory features
    3. Be able to indicate the functional regions: conducting and respiratory zones
    4. Bronchi to alveoli
      1. Cellular features associated (especially at alveoli)
    5. ID spirometry results associated with our case study

  3. Indicate on your big diagram, what is going wrong with our case study patient.
    1. Be able to trace the flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
    2. Add details as indicated in lab to illustrate how our heart defect causes pulmonary/respiratory problems
      1. What happens to factors such as SV, CO, and MAP?
      2. What happens to ventilation?

    3. Answer questions & indicate on your big diagram how Grandpa’s heart is fixed

Part 3) Reflection

You will spend the last 30 minutes of the lab answering the following:

Post Activity:

Be prepared for a few MC questions to check your understanding over your lab review.

Self-reflection

  1. What is one thing you hope to remember about the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary systems in 5 years?
  2. After learning about how the heart and lungs work, how if at all, has this impacted how you view your health or daily habits?
  3. How, if at all, will you tie in what you’ve learned to your career or day-to-day life?
  4. Describe 1 lab activity that was meaningful for you & explain why. It could have helped your learning, you found it interesting, etc. (you define what meaningful means to you)

 

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Lecture 10: Pulmonary Ventilation & Gas Transport

 

Lecture 10: Pulmonary Ventilation & Gas Transport

Friday, 6/14

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week 9 Lecture Midterm 2: Cardiovascular System

 

Lecture Midterm 2: Cardiovascular System

Friday, June 7

Midterm 2 Information

Midterm 2 Questions for review

Lab Materials

Lab 9 (6/7)

Please do the following:

  1. Pre-Lab Week 9
  2. Print Lab Report hereDownload Print Lab Report here
    1. Here are the slides  Download Here are the slidesfrom class (updated after Thursday's Lab)
      1. Blood vessel supplementary sheetDownload Blood vessel supplementary sheet
      2. How to manually record blood pressureDownload How to manually record blood pressure
    2. Please submit your digital exit ticket here if you are working on a tablet/laptop
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Week 8 Resources & Notes

 Note on Pre-Class materials for blood vessels & capillary exchange

Lecture 8: Blood pressure & hemodynamics

Friday May 31

 

Guided questions from this week

  1. Describe the anatomy of a general blood vessel. What are the functions of each of the layers?
    1. Describe the characteristics and functions of arteries, arterioles, capillaries (all three types), venules and veins.
    2. Explain how the elastic recoil of arteries contributes to maintaining blood flow.
  2. Give a general description of how exchange happens in capillaries. How does that exchange work differently in continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries and discontinuous capillaries?
    1. What is exchange by bulk flow and how is it different than exchange by diffusion?
    2. Differentiate between reabsorption and filtration.
    3. Describe the following pressures, what causes them, and whether they favor filtration or reabsorption: Blood hydrostatic pressure, interstitial fluid osmotic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, and net filtration pressure.
    4. Describe the process of exchange across a capillary as it relates to the three pressures mentioned in the question above. How does exchange differ at the arterial end of a capillary vs. the venous end?
  3. What factors affect blood pressure?
    1. Define blood pressure, pulse, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure
      and peripheral resistance
    2. Give the ranges for a healthy diastolic and systolic blood pressure.
  4. How does cardiac output (or stroke volume x HR) affect MAP?
    1. How does total peripheral resistance affect MAP?
    2. What are the three factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance? Which of these is altered most easily and most often to affect MAP?
    3. How is total peripheral resistance altered systemically? (think about sympathetic vs parasympathetic responses)
      Be sure to talk about what       neurotransmitters/receptors and/or hormones are involved
    4. Describe active hyperemia (excess of blood in vessels supplying oxygen to organs). When does this process take place? What are the stimuli for vasodilation.
  5. What are baroreceptors and where are they found?
    1. How do blood pressure changes alter the number of action potentials sent to the cardiovascular control center
    2. Draw a flow chart diagramming the systemic response to increased blood pressure
    3. Draw a flow chart diagramming the systemic response to decreased blood pressure

  6. How do changes in blood volume alter stroke volume? Cardiac output? MAP?
    1. How does the body compensate for low blood volume?

  7. What is hypertension? What are the dangers of hypertension?
    1. Explain how atherosclerosis develops and the dangers it presents.
    2. List several treatments for high blood pressure and delineate their mechanisms of action

  8. Be familiar with the equations we discussed in class including how to calculate NFP, cardiac output, and MAP.
    1. The other equations provided were to summarize concepts we have already talked about all throughout this class (factors that impact resistance and blood pressure, conceptually what determines stroke volume, etc.). If the equations work for you as a quick reference, use them. If they don't, then go with the analogies we discussed throughout class (thick vs thin straws/pinched or unpiched hoses, milkshake vs. soda as fluid, etc.).

 

Note 1: Total peripheral resistance (TPR) is also called systemic vascular resistance (SVR). I thought I'd let you know in case you are using other resources to study!

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Online Lecture7: Cardiac Cycle Output

 

Online Lecture7: Cardiac Cycle Output

Friday 5/24

  • Slides
  • Assignment/Instructions

 

Please note that the content for this week corresponds to our OpenStax Textbook Chapter 19Links to an external site. (Sections 19.1-19.4) for those who prefer to use the textbook.

 

Guiding Questions

Cardiac Cycle: Conduction & Mechanical Events

  1. Explain how pressure gradients drive blood flow in the cardiovascular system.
    • Identify the location of high pressure and low pressure during systole and diastole.
  2. Outline the steps of the cardiovascular cycle and describe what happens to pressure and blood flow in each chamber at each step of the cycle. Be sure to identify the status of the AV and semilunar valves during each stage of the cycle.
    • Explain how the pressure gradients cause the valves open and close during the cardiac cycle.
  3. What is the importance of the gap junctions that connect the autorhythmic cells with the contractile cells?
  4. Outline the steps of the intrinsic conducting system and associate them with the steps of the cardiac cycle.
    • Describe how the SA node controls heart rate. What happens when the SA node is damaged?
    • Explain how heart rate is controlled by the parasympathetic system and the sympathetic system. Be sure to discuss the intrinsic heart rate, the neurotransmitters and receptors that operate during control of heart rate.
  5. What is an ECG and what kind of information can be gathered from it?
    • Draw an ECG trace. Identify the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave.
    • Draw another ECG trace. Identify the part of the ECG trace that correlates with atrial depolarization, atrial hyperpolarization, ventricular depolarization and ventricular hyperpolarization.
    • Now draw a third trace. Identify the part of the ECG trace that correlates with atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular diastole, and ventricular systole (remember that physical events happen AFTER the electrical events).
  6. Describe what is happening to both pressure and volume during each stage of the cardiac cycle. Be sure to use the following terms: Ventricular filling, end diastolic volume, isovolumetric contraction, ejection, and end systolic volume, isovolumetric relaxation.
    • How does ESV change during exercise?
    • What is stroke volume? What is the average stroke volume? How does stroke volume change?

 

Cardiac Output

  1. Define cardiac output. How do I determine cardiac output?
    • Explain how altering heart rate (via sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation) alters cardiac output.
    • What is afterload and how does it affect cardiac output? Give an example of how afterload alters cardiac output. 
  2. What is preload and how does it affect cardiac output? Why does EDV determine the force of contraction?
    • What are some ways that I can alter EDV (and therefore alter stroke volume)?
    • Describe how the skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump affect EDV **(we'll cover this when we discuss blood vessels)
    • How does total blood volume affect EDV?
    • How much of the blood is contained in the venous circulation? How can I send more of the blood in the veins to the heart, and how does this affect EDV? **(we'll cover this when we discuss blood vessels)
  3. Define contractility and explain how an inotropic agent affects contractility.
    • Explain how the sympathetic system modulates contractility. Be sure to name the neurotransmitters and receptors involved.
  4. In a fight or flight response, explain what happens to the following factors and why they are affected this way (be sure to discuss neurotransmitters and receptors): heart rate, venous return, EDV, contractility, stroke volume, cardiac output.
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