Which of the following cavities contains a component of the central nervous system?
- abdominal
- pelvic
- cranial
- thoracic
10. Which structure predominates in the white matter of the brain?
- myelinated axons
- neuronal cell bodies
- ganglia of the parasympathetic nerves
- bundles of dendrites from the enteric nervous system
11. Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical signal to a target cell?
- dendrites
- soma
- cell body
- axon
12. Which term describes a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system?
- nucleus
- ganglion
- tract
- nerve
13. Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)?
- somatic
- autonomic
- enteric
- central
14. What type of glial cell provides myelin for the axons in a tract?
- oligodendrocyte
- astrocyte
- Schwann cell
- satellite cell
15. Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?
- dendrite
- soma
- axon
- synaptic end bulb
16. Which of the following substances is least able to cross the blood-brain barrier?
water
sodium ions
glucose
white blood cells
17. What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage behind the blood-brain barrier?
microglia
astrocyte
Schwann cell
satellite cell
18. What two types of macromolecules are the main components of myelin?
- carbohydrates and lipids
- proteins and nucleic acids
- lipids and proteins
- carbohydrates and nucleic acids
19. If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature sensations, what would a chemoreceptor be sensitive to?
light
sound
molecules
vibration
20. Which of these locations is where the greatest level of integration is taking place in the example of testing the temperature of the shower?
skeletal muscle
spinal cord
thalamus
cerebral cortex
21. How long does all the signaling through the sensory pathway, within the central nervous system, and through the motor command pathway take?
1 to 2 minutes
1 to 2 seconds
fraction of a second
varies with graded potential
22. What is the target of an upper motor neuron?
cerebral cortex
lower motor neuron
skeletal muscle
thalamus
23. What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of the cell membrane?
sodium
chloride
potassium
phosphate
24. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon reaching what state?
resting potential
threshold
repolarization
overshoot
25. What does a ligand-gated channel require in order to open?
increase in concentration of Na+ ions
binding of a neurotransmitter
increase in concentration of K+ ions
depolarization of the membrane
26. What does a mechanically gated channel respond to?
physical stimulus
chemical stimulus
increase in resistance
decrease in resistance
27. Which of the following voltages would most likely be measured during the relative refractory period?
+30 mV
0 mV
-45 mV
-80 mv
28. Which of the following is probably going to propagate an action potential fastest?
a thin, unmyelinated axon
a thin, myelinated axon
a thick, unmyelinated axon
a thick, myelinated axon
29. How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated?
+30 mV
+15 mV
+10 mV
-15 mV
30. A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that causes a negative ion to enter the cell. What type of graded potential is this?
depolarizing
repolarizing
hyperpolarizing
non-polarizing
31. What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?
norepinephrine
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine
32. What type of receptor requires an effector protein to initiate a signal?
biogenic amine
ionotropic receptor
cholinergic system
metabotropic receptor
33. Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?
GABA
acetylcholine
glutamate
norepinephrine
metabotropic receptor. The metabotropic receptor \textit{metabotropic receptor} metabotropic receptor requires an effector protein to initiate the signal.
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