inspiration

 inspiration: the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. Additional muscles can be used if a bigger breath is required.

 This increase in volume leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure,

expiration- When the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly toward the abdominal cavity, creating a larger thoracic cavity and more space for the lungs. 

inspiration- Contraction of the external intercostal muscles moves the ribs upward and outward, causing the rib cage to expand, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

This increase in volume leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure, creating a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. As a result, a pressure gradient is created that drives air into the lungs.

The process of normal expiration is passive, meaning that energy is not required to push air out of the lungs.

Instead, the elasticity of the lung tissue causes the lung to recoil, as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax following inspiration.

A deep breath, called diaphragmatic breathing, requires the diaphragm to contract. As the diaphragm relaxes, air passively leaves the lungs.

A shallow breath, called costal breathing, requires contraction of the intercostal muscles. As the intercostal muscles relax, air passively leaves the lungs.

There are four major types of respiratory volumes: tidal, residual, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve.

Tidal volume (TV) is the amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing, which is about 500 milliliters.

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the amount of air you can forcefully exhale past a normal tidal expiration, up to 1200 milliliters for males.

Residual volume (RV) is the air left in the lungs if you exhale as much air as possible. 

The residual volume makes breathing easier by preventing the alveoli from collapsing. Respiratory

The residual volume makes breathing easier by preventing the alveoli from collapsing.

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is produced by a deep inhalation, past a tidal inspiration.

Aortic body Monitors blood PCO2, PO2, and pH

Carotid body Monitors blood PCO2, PO2, and pH