What is a localized collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS referred to as?
- A localized collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS is referred to as a nucleus.
- In the PNS, a cluster of neuron cell bodies is referred to as a ganglion.
- It is the center of an atom, where protons and neutrons are found; it is the center of a cell, where the DNA is found; and it is a center of some function in the CNS.
- A bundle of axons, or fibers, found in the CNS is called a tract whereas the same thing in the PNS would be called a nerve.
https://quizlet.com/771579936/nervous-system-anatomy-and-physiology-flash-cards/a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column
a major feature of the hindbrain responsible for body movements and balance
the principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure
relays sensory and motor impulses; serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.
part of the brain stem, assists with regulation of breathing
part of brain stem, regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing, and controls the reflexes of coughing, sneezing, and vomiting
a pea-sized structure located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus, to which it is attached via nerve fibers. It is part of the endocrine system and produces critical hormones, which are chemical substances that control various bodily functions
lower portion of diencephalon which acts as an autonomic center regulating metabolism, heart rate, blood pressure, thirst, hunger, energy level, and body temperature
middle portion of diencephalon which relays sensory impulses up to the sensory cortex (aka the cerebrum); regulates sleep and consciousness
upper portion of diencephalon that regulates hormones secreted by the pineal gland. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a serotonin derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns
structure lying at the base of the forebrain which is a critical component of the motor and reward systems. Coordinates decision-making, motivation, and reinforcement.
a thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebral cortex lobes into left and right hemispheres and acts as the connection between the two.
three layers of protective tissue between the brain and skull
cerebrum lobe responsible for memory, intelligence, behavior, emotions, motor function, and smell
cerebrum lobe responsible for vision and speech
lobe responsible for somatic sensations (pain, touch, temperature perception), and speech
lobe responsible for hearing, smell, memory, speech, and emotion
Portion of brain that contains the pons, medulla oblongata, and the beginning of the spinal cord, controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body, and it also controls basic body functions
area on left frontal lobe responsible for tongue and lip movements
area in frontal lobe responsible for sending impulses to muscles
primary somatic sensory cortex
area in parietal lobe responsible for interpreting sensory impulses from the body
also known as the afferent pathway; the gathering information about changes in the environment
process of interpreting sensory input and deciding motor output
also known as the efferent pathway; the response sent from the CNS to the rest of the body
composed of brain and spinal cord
composed of all other nerves and sensory receptors
involuntary control of cardiac adn smooth muscles
voluntary control of skeletal muscles
part of autonomic N.S. responsible for involuntary daily functions
part of the autonomic N.S. responsible for response to potential danger
neuroglia that produce myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS
conduct impulses toward the cell body of a neuron
conduct impulses away from the cell body of a neuron
insulating material on axon fibers that increase the rate of impulse transmission
a chemical messanger that sends a message from the axon terminals to a muscle or nearby neuron
a gap between axon terminals and nearby muscles or neurons
another name for a nerve impulse
the inflow of sodium ions resulting in a more positive environment inside the neuron and the propagation of an action potential.
the outflow of potassium ions resulting in the return of a more positive environment outside the neuron.
time between the start of an action potential and repolarization
a deep grove in the brain
inflammation of the meninges causing pin-point rashes, fever, photophobia, etc.
Disease characterized by skin lesions and sensory loss
A flu-like disease that can result in paralysis, inflicts children younger than 6
The use of toxins to block nerve signals from the brain to targeted muscle area
the inability to control muscles due to brain damage or brain malformation
an autoimmune disease that results from break down to myelin sheaths, results in various symptoms that make it difficult to diagnosis
disease characterized by seizures and cause unknown
disorganized and sudden electrical activity in the brain
issue with dopamine producing neurons in the midbrain resulting in tremors and slow muscle movement, cause unknown
build up of plaques and tangles in the brain that block communication and delivery of nutrients, a progressive disease with an unknown cause and cure.
a reactivation of the chickenpox virus in the body, causing a painful rash. The spinal cord is affected
describe the major functions of the brain stem...
the brain stem regulated vital basic functions like regulation of heart rate, breathing, sleeping, and eating
describe the major functions of the medulla...
carries out and regulates life sustaining that are done involuntarily (without thinking).
describe the major functions of the pons...
connects the upper and lower parts of the brain
responsible for processing auditory information from the ears
processes sensory things that have to do with temperature, touch, and taste
carries out higher mental processes such as thinking, decision making, and planning. (This is where our personality is formed
responsible for processing visual information from the eyes. It helps you correctly understand what you are seeing
how does nicotine affect the nervous system?
Nicotine acts on the CNS and PNS. The rapid affects of nicotine include faster respiration, construction of arteries, and it stimulates the central nervous system
describe the major functions of the cerebral cortex
the cerebral cortex is where the four lobes are located
it is referred to as the body's "master gland" because it controls the activity of most other hormone-secreting glands
the section of the brain responsible for the production of many of the body's essential hormones. It's chemical substances help control different cells and organs
a gland is an organ that synthesizes a substance
what hormones do the Hypothalamus Gland produce?
it produces dopamine and somatostaton
how does caffeine affect the nervous system?
caffeine is an odorless, but bitter, white powder that has the ability to stimulate the CNS
how does alcohol affect the nervous system?
alcohol can contract brain tissues, destroys brain cells, as well as depresses the CNS
how does marijuana affect the nervous system?
tetrehydrocannabinol (THC) acts on the cannabinoid receptors which are found on neurons in many places in the brain. It affects the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum
what is the job of the spinal cord?
the spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of the neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body
the cerebrum cortex is...
associated with higher brain function such as thought and action
what hormones come from the pituitary gland?
the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the production and release of cortisol from the cortex and the andrenal gland.
the growth hormone (GH) participates in regulating the body's metabolism
what hormones do the thalamus produce?
anti-diuretic hormone
ADH travels in the blood stream to you kindneys so more water is reabsorbed into your blood
oxytocin
stimulates the uterine muscles to contract
what is a thalamus gland?
the thalamus serves as a relay station for impulses traveling to and from the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebrum
describe the major functions of the cerebellum...
responsible for balance and coordination of muscles and the body. It is extremely important for being able to preform everyday voluntary things
hormones are chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body
describe the function of each sense organ...
touch-skin
smell-nose
taste-tongue
hearing-ear
sight-eyes
A congenital disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture due to abnormal brain development...the cerebral cortex is affected
a group of eye conditions that can cause blindness. The visual cortex is affected
Also known as seizure disorder, it is a disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures
a disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of the nerves. The brain and spinal cord are affected
a progressive disease that that destroys memory and other important mental functions. The condition affects the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
a disorder of the CNS that affects movement, often including tremors
Major communication system in the body. Functions in sensing, processing, communicating between the cells throughout the entire body
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Extends from the spinal cord out to the entire body. Touch and feeling travels through neurons in the peripheral nerves through the afferent pathway to the spinal cord/brain
Signals travel from the brain down efferent pathway to muscles/neruons
Interconnect and communicate with each other. From the brain to spinal, to peripheral nerves, to the effector organs to allow us to react to our surroundings. Use electrical and chemical signals
Sending of message leads to chemical release (neurotransmitter)
Delicate/semisolid structures that require support and protection. Bone (skull, vertabrae), meninges (membranes), fluid (CSF)
Cavities filled with CSF, lined with ependymal cells
Myelinate peripheral nerves a single nerve at a time
Protect axon from outside ions. Act like electrical tape. Made from schwann cells in the periphery and oligodendrocytes in the CNS
Brain injury resulting in leakage of blood beneath/within dura layer
Most of the brain function. Higher level cognitive functions. Sensory integration, movement initiation, memory, emotion, consciousness
Autonomic funtions. Cardiovascular, respiratory control
Houses most organelles in a neuron. Main part of the neuron
Inpput- receive incoming signals. Multiple, short
Output- send signal "away." Single, long (up to 1M). Uniform diameter, often myelinated
Begins in axon hillock. Axon carries electricity down the length of the axon to the next dendrites. Charged ions move across membrane down the axon
Space between neurons where neurotransmitter is released through that space until it reaches the post-synaptic cell receptor
Biggest and most complex part of the nervous system. Broken up into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem
Four major lobes. Frontal, parietal, occipital, temportal
Primary visual cortex (sight)
Primary auditory cortex (hearing)
Primary motor cortex (voluntary movement)
Brain receives sensory and sends motor information through spinal cord and spinal nerves. 31 pairs of spinal nerves. 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal. Enter into the CNS
Typically carries both sensory and motor information. Mixed/compound nerves are a bundle of many axons. Enter into the spinal cord. Sensory information = in. Motor information = out. Nerves carry mixed motory/sensory functions (mixed compound nerves)
Cell bodies lie outside CNS = dorsal root ganglia. Motor nerve cell bodies are located within the ventral horn of spinal cord
Parasympathetic control (heart, lungs)
Emanates from precentral gyrus area of cortex
Has six cell layers that fairly distinct and malleable. Top layers are typically sensory while bottom layers are typically motor
Specialized region of cortex involved in learning and memory
Relay center to/from cortex. All sensory information first stops at thalamus before proceeding to cortex. Multiple sub-nuclei "integrate" incoming sensory signals.
Maintains homeostasis by regulating metabolic processes (temperature, hunger, thirst, etc.)
Plays a role in emotional processing. Particularly unpleasant emotions such as fear and aggression. Decrease in size results in being unfearful. Increase in size results in being overly anxious, aggressive, and fearful
Coordinates motor output and regulates muscle tone. Compares intended movement coming from the motor cortex with actual movement sensation coming from the joints and muscles and makes corrections. Based on past experiences
Bulbous protrusion from brainstem. Filled with ascending/descending tracts to/from the spinal cord and also to/from the cerebellum. Regulates breathing patterns
Contains autonomic nuclei that control fundamental life processes required for human life. Respiration, heart rate, etc.
Location where brain communicates with muscles
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